Serum nitric oxide concentration in generalized chronic and aggressive periodontitis in the Mexican population is not related to the severity of the disease / La concentración de óxido nítrico en suero de pacientes con periodontitis agresiva y crónica generalizada no está relacionada con la gravedad de la enfermedad

Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of teeth, the effects of excess of nitric oxide, may contribute to the symptoms of periodontitis. Objective: To determine the serum nitric oxide concentration in generalized chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients and to compare it with a healthy subject group from the Mexican population. Materials and methods: A case and control study was performed. Sixty-nine individuals were recruited from the Clínica de Posgrado de Periodoncia of the Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, México. Patients with clinical features of generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP group, n=19), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP group, n=11), and a group of healthy subjects (HS group, n=39) were included in the study. Informed consent was obtained from each subject, and serum nitric oxide concentration was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Nitric oxide concentration in the study groups was greater in the GCP group (462.57 ± 16.57 µmol/L) than in the GAP group (433.84 ± 18.61 µmol/L) and the HS group (422.46 ± 12.07 µmol/L). A comparison using Student's t-test (one-tailed) between healthy subjects and generalized chronic periodontitis showed borderline significance (p<0.04), whereas no significant differences were observed in HS and GAP groups, with a p-value of 0.64, and the GAP vs. GCP p-value was 0.33. Conclusion: The serum nitric oxide concentration observed in the present study suggests that nitric oxide plays a major role in the inflammatory process, which cannot necessarily be linked to the severity of the disease and periodontal tissue destruction.

Introducción. La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria que afecta los tejidos de soporte dental; los efectos del exceso de óxido nítrico pueden contribuir a los síntomas de la periodontitis. Objetivo. Determinar la concentración de óxido nítrico en el suero de los pacientes con periodontitis agresiva y crónica generalizada, y compararla con la de individuos sanos de población mexicana. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio de casos y controles. Se incluyeron 69 individuos de la Clínica de Posgrado de Periodoncia del Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Guadalajara. Se dividieron en tres grupos: pacientes con periodontitis crónica generalizada (GCP, n=19), pacientes con periodontitis agresiva generalizada (GAP, n=11) e individuos sanos periodontalmente (HS, n=39). Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de todos los participantes. Se utililizó la prueba ELISA para medir la concentración de óxido nítrico en suero. Resultados. Las concentraciones de óxido nítrico observadas fueron mayores en el grupo GCP (462,57 ± 16,57 µmol/L) que en los grupos GAP (433,84 ± 18,61 µmol/L) y HS (422,46 ± 12,07 µmol/L). La comparación entre HS y GCP mediante la prueba estadística t de Student (una cola), mostró diferencias significativas (p<0,04), y no se observaron diferencias entre los grupos HS y GAP (p=0,64), ni entre GAP y GCP (p=0,33). Conclusiones. La concentración de óxido nítrico en suero, observada en el presente estudio, sugiere que el óxido nítrico desempeña un importante papel en el proceso inflamatorio, lo que no necesariamente está ligado a la gravedad de la enfermedad ni a la destrucción del tejido periodontal.

Gene polymorphisms of cytochrome B-245 alpha chain (CYBA) and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and susceptibility to generalized aggressive periodontitis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the correlation of cytochrome B-245 alpha chain (CYBA) rs4673 and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) rs12720922 polymorphisms with the susceptibility of gene-ralized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP).@*METHODS@#The study was a case-control trial. A total of 372 GAgP patients and 133 periodontally healthy controls were recruited. The CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 polymorphisms were detected by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the correlation of CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 variants with the susceptibility of GAgP. The interaction between the two gene polymorphisms to the susceptibility of GAgP was analyzed by the likelihood ratio test. The interaction model adopted was the multiplication model.@*RESULTS@#The mean age of GAgP group and control group was (27.5±5.2) years and (28.8±7.1) years respectively. There was significant difference in age between the two groups (P < 0.05). The gender distribution (male/female) was 152/220 and 53/80 respectively, and there was no significant difference between GAgP group and controls (P>0.05). For CYBA rs4673, the frequency of CT/TT genotype in the GAgP group was significantly higher than that in the controls [18.0% (66/366) vs. 10.6% (14/132), P < 0.05]. After adjusting age and gender, the individuals with CT/TT genotype had a higher risk of GAgP (OR=1.86, 95%CI: 1.01-3.45, P < 0.05), compared with CC genotype. There was no statistically significant difference in distributions of the CETP rs12720922 genotypes (GG, AA/AG) between GAgP patients and healthy controls (P>0.05). A significant interaction between CYBA rs4673 and CETP rs12720922 in the susceptibility to GAgP was observed. The GAgP risk of the individuals with CYBA rs4673 CT/TT and CETP rs12720922 GG genotypes was significantly increased (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 1.36-7.75, P < 0.01), compared with those carrying CC and AA/AG genotypes.@*CONCLUSION@#CYBA rs4673 CT/TT genotype is associated with GAgP susceptibility. There is a significant interaction between CYBA rs4673 CT/TT genotype and CETP rs12720922 GG genotype in the susceptibility of GAgP.

Influence of rs6667202 SNP on Interleukin-10 levels in the gingival fluid of patients with periodontitis grade C

Grade C periodontitis in youngers is characterized by a severe form of periodontitis, and IL10 rs6667202 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been described as an important feature in this disease etiology. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate, in vivo, the functionality of IL10 rs6667202 SNP on IL-10 gingival fluid levels. Methods: Thirty patients with Perio4C were selected, 15 with the IL10 AA genotype (rs6667202) and 15 with AC/CC genotypes. The gingival fluid was collected from two sites with probing depth ≥ 7 mm and bleeding on probing, and two healthy sites. The IL-10 concentration was determined by Luminex/MAGpix platform. Results: In deep pockets, the IL10 AA genotype presented a lower concentration of IL-10 when compared with AC or CC genotypes (p<0.05). In shallow pockets, no difference between groups was seen (p>0.05). Conclusion: IL10 rs6667202 SNP decreases the production of IL-10 in crevicular fluid, potentially affecting this disease progression

Comprehensive periodontal treatment in generalized stage IV, grade C periodontitis: a clinical case report / Tratamento periodontal abrangente em periodontite generalizada estágio IV, grau C: relato de caso clínico

Generalized stage IV, grade C periodontitis results in rapid bone destruction in the periodontium and can lead to early tooth loss. Scaling and root planing (SRP) complemented by systemic antibiotics, access surgery, regenerative techniques and implant placement are among the treatments used for patients with this condition. The aim of this article is to report a comprehensive periodontal treatment in a 23-year-old male who was referred to the periodontology department due to complaints of tooth mobility and gum infections diagnosed with generalized stage IV, grade C periodontitis according to the clinical, systemic, and family history features observed. Thorough non-surgical periodontal treatment consisting of scaling and root planing was provided, followed by a series of regenerative periodontal surgeries including guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration(GBR) to manage advanced bone defects. Six months after periodontal therapy, all implants were inserted using a one-stage approach and Six months later, they were restored with porcelain fused to metal crowns. During the one and two-year follow-ups, the teeth and implants did not show any signs of instability, attachment loss or bone loss. This case report shows that within the limitations of this study a successful outcome can be achieved with an early diagnosis and treatment involving elimination of infectious microorganisms and meticulous long-term maintenance combined with regenerative techniques and implant placement to restore the masticatory function and improve the quality of life for the patient. However further investigation and clinical studies are required to confirm these results (AU)

A periodontite generalizada estágio IV, grau C resulta em rápida destruição óssea do periodonto, podendo levar à perda dentária precoce. Raspagem e aplainamento radicular (SRP) complementada com antibióticos sistêmicos, acessos cirúrgicos, técnicas regenerativas e colocação de implantes estão entre os tratamentos usados para essa condição. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar o tratamento periodontal abrangente de um paciente de 23 anos, que foi encaminhado ao departamento de periodontia com queixas de mobilidade dentária e infecções gengivais, diagnosticado com periodontite generalizada estágio IV, grau C de acordo com as características clínicas, sistêmicas e de histórico familiar observadas. O tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico completo de raspagem e aplainamento radicular foi realizado, seguido por cirurgias periodontais regenerativas, incluindo regeneração tecidual guiada (GTR) e regeneração óssea guiada (GBR) para tratar defeitos ósseos avançados. Seis meses após a terapia periodontal, todos os implantes foram inseridos através de abordagem de estágio único e, seis meses depois, foram restaurados com porcelana fundida às coroas de metal. Durante os acompanhamentos de um e dois anos, os dentes e implantes não mostraram quaisquer sinais de instabilidade, perda de inserção ou perda óssea. Este relato mostra que, dentro das limitações deste estudo, um resultado bem-sucedido pode ser alcançado a partir de diagnóstico precoce e tratamento envolvendo a eliminação de microrganismos e manutenção meticulosa à longo prazo, combinada com técnicas regenerativas e colocação de implantes para restaurar a função mastigatória e melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente. No entanto, mais investigações e estudos clínicos são necessários para confirmar esses resultados (AU)

Association between root abnormalities and related pathogenic genes in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the association between the abnormal root morphology and bone metabolism or root development related gene polymorphism in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis.@*METHODS@#In the study, 179 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis were enrolled, with an average age of (27.23±5.19) years, male / female = 67/112. The average number of teeth remaining in the mouth was (26.80±1.84). Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nine genes which related to bone metabolism and root development were detected by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Root abnormalities were identified using periapical radiographs. The abnormal root morphology included cone-rooted teeth, slender-root teeth, short-rooted teeth, curved-rooted teeth, syncretic-rooted molars, and molar root abnormalities. The number of teeth and incidence of abnormal root morphology in different genotypes of 13 SNPs were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The constituent ratio of root with root abnormality in GAgP patients was 14.49%(695/4 798). The average number of teeth with abnormal root morphology in GAgP was (3.88±3.84). The average number of teeth with abnormal root morphology in CC, CT and TT genotypes in vitamin D receptor (VDR) rs2228570 was (4.66±4.10), (3.71±3.93) and (2.68±2.68). There was significant difference between TT genotype and CC genotype (t = 2.62, P =0.01). The average number of root morphological abnormalities in CC, CT and TT genotypes of Calcitotin Receptor (CTR) gene rs2283002 was (5.02±3.70), (3.43±3.95), and (3.05±3.12). The incidence of root morphological abnormalities in CC genotype was higher than that in the patients with CT and TT, and the difference was statistically significant(87.86% vs. 65.26% & 63.64%, P=0.006, adjusted OR =3.71, 95%CI: 1.45-9.50). There was no significant difference in the incidence of abnormal root morphology between CT and TT genotypes.@*CONCLUSION@#VDR rs2228570 and CTR rs2283002 may be associated with the occurrence of abnormal root morphology in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis, which is worthy of further research.

Impact of history of periodontitis on gene expression of bone-related factors in young patients

Abstract Although dental implants and bone regenerative procedures are important approaches for the reestablishment of esthetics and function in young patients with a history of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP), no predictable outcomes have been reported, and the host osteo-immunoinflammatory response may play a relevant role in this context. In view of the lack of molecular investigations into the bone tissue condition of young patients with periodontitis, the aim of this study was to evaluate the gene expression of bone-related factors in this population. Bone biopsies were obtained from the posterior mandible in 16 individuals previously diagnosed with GAP and on periodontal support therapy and from 17 periodontally healthy (PH) patients. The gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, receptor activator of the NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin (OC), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and type I collagen (COL-I), important biomarkers of bone turnover, was evaluated by qRT-PCR. Lower TGF-β and OPG mRNA levels were observed in GAP patients compared to PH individuals (p ≤ 0.05). There were no between-group differences in levels of TNF-α, BSP, RANKL, OC, or COL-I mRNA (p>0.05). In young adults, a history of periodontal disease can negatively modulate the gene expression of important bone-related factors in alveolar bone tissue. These molecular outcomes may contribute to the future development of therapeutic approaches to benefit bone healing in young patients with history of periodontitis via modulation of osteo-immuno-inflammatory biomarkers.

Avaliação da suplementação diária de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de ômega-3 e aspirina em baixa dosagem no tratamento de periodontite agressiva generalizada: estudos clínicos controlados randomizados / Evaluation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids daily supplementation plus low-dose aspirin to treat generalized aggressive periodontitis: randomized controlled clinical trials

A destruição periodontal resulta principalmente da resposta inflamatória exacerbada do hospedeiro frente ao desafio bacteriano. Por isso, pesquisas envolvendo a modulação da resposta do hospedeiro têm sido desenvolvidas com o objetivo de facilitar a resolução da inflamação, bem como promover reparação tecidual e estabilidade periodontal. Recentemente, o uso de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados de ômega-3 (AGP Ω-3) e ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) foi relacionado à produção de mediadores lipídicos mais bioativos e à melhores resultados clínicos no tratamento de periodontite crônica. Desse modo, pesquisas envolvendo modulação das respostas inflamatórias de portadores de periodontite agressiva (PAg) podem ser de grande valia. Assim, o objetivo dos presentes estudos clínicos controlados randomizados foi avaliar a utilização da suplementação de 900 mg AGP Ω-3 e 100 mg de AAS por 180 dias como adjuvantes ao tratamento de PAg generalizada (PAgG). (1) Selecionou-se 38 pacientes com PAgG os quais receberam debridamento subgengival associado a AGP Ω-3 e AAS (n=19) ou placebo (n=19). Ambos os grupos apresentaram diminuição (p<0,05) em todos os parâmetros clínicos avaliados, bem como em IL-1ß, sem diferença entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). O nível de TIMP-2 diminuiu significantemente no grupo controle, porém se manteve estável no grupo teste. Concluiu-se que a nova terapia proposta não trouxe benefícios clínicos no tratamento não-cirúrgico de PAgG. (2) Selecionou-se 34 pacientes com PAgG previamente submetidos à terapia básica que apresentavam bolsas residuais e foram submetidos à cirurgia de acesso para raspagem e alisamento radicular associado a AGP Ω-3 e AAS (n=17) ou placebo (n=17). Após 6 meses, ambos os grupos obtiveram diminuição na PS (p<0,05), porém somente o grupo teste obteve ganho no NIC na comparação intergrupo (p=0,02), assim como apresentou menor recessão gengival (p=0,03), diminuição da hipersensibilidade dentinária (p=0,01), menor consumo de analgésicos (p=0,02) e diminuição intragrupo de IL-10 (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a nova terapia proposta trouxe benefícios clínicos no tratamento de bolsas residuais de pacientes com PAgG(AU)

Periodontal destruction results mainly from the exacerbated host inflammatory response to the bacterial challenge. For this reason, research involving the modulation of host response has been developed aiming to facilitate the resolution of inflammation, as well as to promote tissue repair and periodontal stability. Recently, the use of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ω-3 PUFA) and low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was related to the production of enhanced lipidic mediators and to better clinical outcomes in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Thus, the aim of the present randomized controlled clinical trials was to evaluate the use of 900 mg Ω-3PUFA and 100 mg ASA for 180 days as adjuvants to the treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). (1) Thirty-eight GAgP patients were submitted to subgingival debridement associated with Ω-3 PUFA and ASA (n=19) or placebo (n=19). Both groups showed a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05) in all clinical parameters, as well as a decrease in IL-1ß, with no difference between treatments (p>0.05). The TIMP-2 level significantly decreased in the control group and remained stable in the test group. It was concluded that the proposed new therapy did not bring clinical benefits in the non-surgical treatment (NST) of GAgP. (2) Thirty-four GAgP patients previously submitted to NST with residual pockets were selected and underwent open flap debridement associated with Ω-3 PUFA 3 and ASA (n=17) or placebo (n=17). After 6 months, both therapies led to decreased PD (p>0.05), but only the test group had CAL gain in the intergroup comparison (p=0,02), as well as presented less gingival recession (p=0,03), decreased dentin hypersensitivity (p=0,01), lower consumption of analgesics (p=0,02) and significant intragroup reduction of IL-10 (p<0.05). It was concluded that the proposed new therapy brought clinical benefits in the surgical treatment of GAgP patient(AU)

Clinical and microbiological evaluation of surgical and nonsurgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate clinical and microbiological effects of surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapy in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) treatment. Sixteen GAgP patients were included in this randomized split-mouth design clinical trial. Maxillary quadrants were allocated into two groups: Nonsurgical Therapy (NST) and Surgical Therapy (ST). The following clinical parameters were assessed: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing index (BoP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival margin position (GMP). Concentrations of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in the subgingival biofilm were also determined. Clinical and microbiological parameters were assessed at baseline (n=16), 3 (n=15), 6 (n=15) and 12 months (n=8) after treatment. ST was able to promote higher PD reduction compared to NST in deep pockets at 12 months (p<0.05) and in posterior teeth at 6 months (p<0.05). In addition, higher gingival recession was observed in posterior teeth of the ST group at the 6th month (p<0.05). However, ST failed to promoted additional CAL gain in any timepoint (p>0.05). Moreover, microbiological evaluation showed no statistical difference in levels of Aa and Pg for both groups at all follow-up periods. Surgical therapy promoted similar clinical benefits to GAgP therapy. Moreover, both therapies failed to reduce Aa and Pg levels at different follow-up times.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos clínicos e microbiológicos de terapia periodontal cirúrgica e não cirúrgica no tratamento da periodontite agressiva generalizada (PAgG). Dezesseis pacientes portadores de PAgG foram incluídos neste estudo clínico, prospectivo, randomizado, de boca dividida. Os quadrantes superiores de cada paciente foram alocados em dois grupos: um grupo de terapia não-cirúrgica (NST) e um grupo de terapia cirúrgica (ST). Os parâmetros clínicos avaliados foram: índice de placa (PI), sangramento à sondagem índice (BoP), profundidade de sondagem (PD), nível clínico de inserção (CAL) e posição da margem gengival (GMP). Também foram determinadas as concentrações de Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) no biofilme subgengival. Os parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos foram avaliados no início, 3, 6 e 12 meses após o tratamento. A terapia cirúrgica foi capaz de promover maior redução de PD em comparação com NST em bolsas profundas aos 12 meses (p<0,05) e em dentes posteriores aos 6 meses (p<0,05). Além disso, houve maior recessão gengival nos dentes posteriores do grupo ST no 6° mês (p<0,05). Entretanto, ST não promoveu ganho adicionais de inserção (CAL) em nenhum período do avaliação. A avaliação microbiológica não mostrou diferença estatística nos níveis de Aa e Pg, para ambos os grupos, em todos os períodos de acompanhamento. O tratamento cirúrgico promoveu benefícios clínicos similares ao tratamento não cirúrgico em pacientes com PAgG. Além disso, ambas as terapias não conseguiram reduzir os níveis Aa e Pg após terapia.

Análisis bacteriano comparativo de cuadros de Periodontitis Crónica y Agresiva en una población muestra de Uruguay / Comparative bacterial analysis of chronic and aggressive periodontitis in a sample population from Uruguay

Objetivos: analizar comparativamente la prevalencia de ciertos patógenos periodontales en cuadros de periodontitis agresiva y crónica según la clasificación vigente al momento de los estudios, en 101 pacientes uruguayos. Métodos: Este análisis se basa en los trabajos de detección de patógenos periodontales en pacientes con periodontitis crónica y agresiva en Uruguay mediante metodología convencional y molecular 1,2. Ambos trabajos analizaron los mismos microorganismos y utilizaron las mismas técnicas de recuperación y análisis. Se estudiaron Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia y Fusobacterium nucleatum. Resultados: En los cuadros crónicos destacó F. nucleatum, T. forsythia y P.gingivalis. En los agresivos F. nucleatum y P. intermedia, y dentro de éstos en los generalizados una mayor proporción de P. gingivalis y T. forsythia y de A. actinomycetemcomitans en los localizados. Conclusiones: Se pudo constatar que se mantienen los patrones documentados en la bibliografía en Uruguay.3,4

Objectives: To compare the prevalence of certain periodontal pathogens in aggressive and chronic periodontitis in 101 Uruguayan patients according to the valid classification at the time the studies were conducted. Methods: This analysis is based on studies conducted to detect periodontal pathogens in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis in Uruguay using conventional and molecular methods. Both studies analyzed the same microorganisms and used the same recovery and analysis techniques. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum were studied. Results: A higher prevalence of F. nucleatum, T. forsythia and P. gingivalis was detected in chronic cases, whereas higher rates of F. nucleatum and P. intermedia were observed in aggressive ones. Within the last one, a higher proportion of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia was detected in the generalized cases and A. actinomycetemcomitans in the localized ones. Conclusions: The patterns detected are in line with those included in the literature for our country

Terapia periodontal de suporte em paciente com periodontite agressiva generalizada: acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico de 13 anos / Periodontal maintenance therapy in patient with generalized aggessive periodontitis: clinical and radiographic following by 13 years

A terapia periodontal de suporte (TPS) tem como objetivo principal a manutenção dos resultados obtidos durante o tratamento periodontal ativo, sendo a forma mais previsível de controlar a doença periodontal. Essa extensão do tratamento periodontal, pode ocorrer em intervalos de tempo que variam de acordo com a severidade da doença, condição sistêmica do indivíduo, idade, fatores de risco, entre outros. A TPS contribui para a redução da perda dentária e recorrência da doença periodontal, além de possibilitar o diagnóstico de outras doenças bucais. Durante essa etapa, é possível traçar o perfil do paciente, identificar suas dificuldades e estabelecer condutas educativas, preventivas e terapêuticas necessárias para o controle do biofilme e da doença periodontal. Assim, o periodontista deve conscientizar o paciente sobre a importância da TPS, sendo que, a adesão ao tratamento é fundamental para a manutenção da saúde dos tecidos periodontais a longo prazo. O presente relato de caso clínico, demonstra o sucesso da TPS em paciente jovem acometida por periodontite agressiva generalizada. Após a realização da terapia periodontal não cirúrgica, a paciente foi inserida em um programa de manutenção periodontal, há 13 anos atrás, no qual participa ativamente até o presente momento. (AU)

The main objective of the periodontal maintenance therapy (PMT) is to maintain the results achieved during the active periodontal therapy, being the most predictable way of controlling the periodontal disease. This extension of the periodontal treatment may occur at different times, varying according to the aggressiveness of the disease, general health condition of the subject, age and risk factors, among others. The PMT contributes to the reduction of dental loss and prevents the reoccurrence of the periodontal disease, while also allowing the diagnose of other diseases of the mouth. During this phase it is possible to trace the patient's profile, identifying the difficulties and stablishing educational, preventive and therapeutic practices to control oral biofilm and periodontal disease. Thus, the periodontist must raise the patient's awareness to the importance of the PMT, as the patient compliance to the treatment is essential for the long term preservation of the periodontal tissue health. The clinical case here described demonstrates the success of the PMT performed on a young female patient afflicted with generalized aggressive periodontitis. After having performed the non-surgical periodontal therapy, the patient entered a periodontal maintenance program 13 years ago, in which she has been actively participating until the present time.(AU)

Avaliação de terapias adicionais em pacientes portadores de periodontite agressiva generalizada: tratamento de bolsas residuais e regeneração de lesões de bifurcações. Estudo clínico controlado randomizado / / Evaluation of additional therapies in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis: treatment of residual pockets and regeneration of furcations defects. Randomized-controlled clinical trial

O tratamento da periodontite agressiva generalizada (PAG) é muito semelhante ao proposto para as demais formas de doenças periodontais, sendo o padrão ouro a raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR). No entanto, em sítios com bolsas profundas ou localizados em áreas de furca, a RAR pode ser insuficiente para solucionar a infecção periodontal, resultando em bolsas residuais. São raros os trabalhos que avaliam tratamento de bolsas residuais em pacientes portadores de PAG. Também são raros os estudos que visam elucidar o processo de regeneração periodontal nesses indivíduos. Desse modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar dois tipos de abordagem, esclarecendo o porquê do projeto ser delineado em duas partes. A primeira parte do estudo visou avaliar se as aplicações repetidas de terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT) se equiparam ao acesso cirúrgico no tratamento de bolsas residuais sem lesões de furca. Assim, foram incluídos 46 pacientes que receberam uma das duas abordagens. Tivemos que o acesso cirúrgico promoveu maior redução de PS em bolsas profundas. No entanto, aPDT resultou em menor recessão gengival, ocorrência de hipersensibilidade e ingestão de analgésico. Concluímos, que aPDT é uma terapia adequada e que traz benefícios clínicos no tratamento de bolsas residuais em PAG. Contudo em sítios profundos, a terapia cirúrgica resulta em maior redução de PS. A segunda parte do estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o tratamento para furcas proximais. Como a literatura já aponta que aPDT não é uma terapia eficaz nesses sítios, o estudo visou elucidar o papel da matriz derivada de esmalte (EMD) como tratamento regenerativo nesses defeitos em pacientes com PAG. Foram incluídos 34 pacientes que receberam acesso cirúrgico associado ou não à EMD. Não tivemos diferença intergrupo para nenhum parâmetro. No entanto, sítios com EMD apresentaram um ganho de inserção horizontal significante em relação ao baseline, diferença não presente para o grupo sem EMD. Concluímos que EMD parece não gerar benefícios clínicos significantes, mas demais estudos são necessários para avaliar a efetividade desse material em locais de furca(AU0

The scaling and root planing (SRP) as a part of the non-surgical periodontal treatment is considerate as gold standart to treatment of the periodontal disease. However, in some cases, such as in deep pockets or sites presenting proximal furcation, SRP may be insufficient to resolve the periodontal infection, resulting in residual pockets. There are few studies that evaluate treatment of residual pockets in patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). Besides that, few studies also aim to elucidate the periodontal regeneration process in these individuals. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate two types of approach, clarifying why the project was delineated into two parts. The first part of the study aims to assess whether repeated applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) present equivalent results when compared to surgical approach in the treatment of residual pockets of non-furcation sites. Thus, 46 patients were included and received aPDT or open flap debridement (OFD). The results showed that OFD had a greater a mean reduction of probing depth (PD). However, aPDT presented lower gingival recession, dentin hypersensitivity and analgesic intake. Therefore, we may consider aPDT as an adequate therapy and that brings clinical benefits. Nevertheless, in deep pockets, OFD leads in a greater reduction in PD. The second part aims to evaluate the proximal furcation treatment. The literature shows that aPDT is not an effective therapy in these defects. Thus, the present study aims to elucidate the role of enamel matrix derivative proteins (EMD) as a regenerative therapy in furcation lesions class II. Thirty-four patients were included and received OFD + EMD or OFD, alone. As results, there are no intergroup difference for any parameters. However, OFD + EMD group presented a greater gain of horizontal clinical attachment level when compared to baseline, whereas there is no intragroup difference for OFD group. Therefore, EMD did not promote significant clinical benefits, but other studies are necessary to evaluate the effective this material in proximal furcation(AU)

Aggressive periodontitis: experience in a Nigerian teaching hospital

Objective: Aggressive periodontitis is a disease entity that can be classified as Stages III & IV and Grade C chronic periodontitis based on the 2017 classification of the American Association of Periodontology for periodontal diseases. It is a class of chronic periodontal disease that features clinically severe periodontal tissue destruction. The diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis in this environment is delayed because of some influencing factors such as lack of dental awareness, patients' poor attitude towards this disease entity and their low socio-economic status. The objective of this case series is to highlight the factors that influence the time of presentation and severity of periodontal tissue destruction of Stages III & IV and Grade C chronic periodontitis (aggressive periodontitis) in this environment. Cases Description: We present the summary of the history, clinical features and radiological findings of four (4) cases of early and delayed presentation of aggressive periodontitis patients aged 19-27 years and factors that influenced their time of presentation. Severe periodontal tissue destruction was a common feature in these four cases with eventual tooth/teeth loss in delayed presenters. They were all treated using standard periodontal debridement with normal saline and 0.2%chlorhexidine gluconate, scaling, root planning and systemic antibiotics therapy. The patients provided informed consents, ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical committee and the study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki declaration of 1975 as revised in 2000.Results: The factors that influenced the time of presentation included dental awareness through dental education, missing and mobile teeth, fear of further loss of teeth in the future, replacement of missing teeth, social marginalization, believe in some traditional 'taboos' and socio-economic status. Conclusion: There is a need for aggressive dental education/enlightenment of the people in this environment especially on periodontal disease. Clinical Significance: Dental awareness through dental education generally influenced time of presentation which prevents severe destruction of the periodontium

Occlusal changes before and after orthodontic treatment in patients with aggressive periodontitis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy of occlusal improvement in the labial fixed orthodontic treatment in aggressive periodontitis patients and to explore the relationship between occlusal improvement and inflammation control.@*METHODS@#Twenty-two aggressive periodontitis patients who underwent combined periodontal-orthodontic treatment were included in this study. The patient's photos were matched to the dental models and digital three dimentional models were acquired using 3Shape R700 laser scanner. The occlusal force distribution maps were generated in the OrthoAnalyzer software. The newly established occlusal force distribution score (OFDS) and proximal contact score (PCS) were used to evaluate the occlusal distribution changes before and after labial fixed orthodontic treatment for assessing the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment. The multi-level linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between the probing depth changes and OFDS or PCS changes to screen out the favorable orthodontic strategy for inflammation control, which would provide clinical strategy for combined periodontal-orthodontic treatment in aggressive periodontitis patients.@*RESULTS@#At the patient level, OFDS was improved significantly after orthodontic treatment compared with the score before orthodontic treatment (84.5±20.9 vs.105.3±22.6, P <0.001) and PCS was improved significantly after orthodontic treatment compared with the score before orthodontic treatment (68.9±9.1 vs. 83.7±6.3, P <0.001).At the tooth level, the OFDS was significantly increased in the maxillary anterior teeth (P <0.001) while the PCS of the anterior teeth in both maxillary and mandible arches were significantly increased significantly (P <0.01). No significant changes were found in other tooth positions. The multilevel linear regression model showed that no significant correlation was found between age and gender and probing depth decrease (P >0.05). The baseline probing depth,OFDS improvements and PCS improvements (P <0.001) were positively correlated with probing depth decrease.@*CONCLUSION@#This study showed that the distribution of occlusal force was more reasonable and the proximal contacts were more ideal in aggressive periodontitis patients. Orthodontic treatment was effective in improving occlusal force distribution by the above two ways. Especially, the OFDS and PCS improvements were both positively correlated with probing depth decrease, indicating that in the combined periodontal-orthodontic treatment for aggressive periodontitis patients, occlusal force distribution and proximal contact should be improved in order to facilitate periodontal improvement.

Detección de patógenos periodontales de una población con Periodontitis Agresiva en Uruguay mediante metodología convencional y molecular / Detection of periodontal pathogens in a Uruguayan population with aggressive periodontitis using conventional and molecular methods

Las enfermedades periodontales representan un importante problema de salud que afecta los tejidos de soporte de las piezas dentarias. Dentro de ellas, las Periodontitis Agresivas se caracterizan por su rápida progresión, agregación familiar, pacientes sistémicamente sanos1 subdividiéndose en localizadas y generalizadas según la extensión del cuadro. Los microorganismos juegan un papel importante en su etiopatogenia, entre los cuales se encuentran Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum. El propósito de este trabajo fue estudiar cuáles de estos microorganismos estaba presente en 50 pacientes uruguayos con Periodontitis Agresiva. La detección se realizó con técnica convencional bacteriológica y PCR. En los cuadros generalizados se observó mayor prevalencia de F. nucleatum y P. intermedia seguido de P. gingivalis y T. forsythia. En los cuadros localizados destacaron P. intermedia, F. nucleatum y A. actinomycetemcomitans. En nuestro país se presentó una flora similar a los que figuran en otras localizaciones geográficas

Periodontal diseases are a major health problem affecting tooth-supporting tissues. Among them, aggressive periodontitis is characterized by rapid progression, family aggregation, systemically healthy patients, and is subdivided into localized and generalized according to the extent of the disease. Microbiota plays a major role in the etiopathogenesis of these diseases, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of these microorganisms in 50 Uruguayan patients with aggressive periodontitis. Detection was conducted with conventional bacteriological techniques and PCR. In the generalized disorders, a higher prevalence of F. nucleatum and P. intermedia was observed, although P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were also important. In the localized disorders, P. intermedia, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans were the main ones. A similar flora to other geographical locations was present in our country

Tratamento ortodôntico em pacientes com periodontite agressiva: considerações clínicas / Orthodontic treatment in patients with aggressive periodontitis: clinical considerations

O objetivo desse trabalho foi confrontar as abordagens dos tratamentos envolvendo periodontite agressiva e ortodontia através de uma revisão de literatura baseada em artigos de condutas clínicas. Foi realizada uma busca na base de dados PubMed, retroativa a 10 anos e utilizando palavras-chave Mesh. Ao final da seleção, resultaram 13 artigos de casos clínicos e um artigo com uma série de casos. A maioria envolveu pacientes jovens e mulheres, e todos realizaram tratamento periodontal e ortodôntico para controle da periodontite agressiva. A perda óssea severa não contraindica o uso de aparelho ortodôntico, e a movimentação dentária associada com um intenso controle periodontal apresenta-se como uma forma de sucesso no tratamento da doença.

The aim of this study was to elucidate treatment approaches involving aggressive periodontitis and orthodontics through a literature review based on articles of clinical procedures. A search was conducted in PubMed database using MeSH key words and limited to the past 10 years. The appropriate studies were selected and resulted in 13 papers of single case reports and one paper including four case reports. The majority of the cases involved young patients and women, and all underwent orthodontic and periodontal treatment to control aggressive periodontitis. Severe bone loss does not contraindicate the use of braces and tooth movement together with an appropriate periodontal control presents a way to successfully treat the disease.

Determinação da resposta de imunoglobulina G sérica contra Omp29 de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, em pacientes portadores de periodontite agressiva / Determination of serum immunoglobulin G response against Omp29 of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in patients with aggressive periodontitis

A Periodontite Agressiva (PA), que atualmente pertence ao grupo das Periodontites estágios 3 e 4, distingue-se dos demais tipos de doença periodontal por seu início precoce, agregação familiar dos casos e por afetar pacientes sistemicamente saudáveis. Além disso, pode ser subclassificada em duas formas, localizada (PAL) e generalizada (PAG), em função de sua extensão. Muitas vezes, os depósitos de biofilme bacteriano são desproporcionais à quantidade de destruição óssea e perda de inserção que o paciente apresenta, independente da subclassificação. O microrganismo mais relacionado à etiopatogênese da doença é o Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), incluindo os seus principais sorotipos a, b e c, amplamente estudados. Associado a estas condições, A. actinomycetemcomitans apresenta alguns fatores de virulência como uma leucotoxina, principalmente ligada ao sorotipo b - clone JP2 (que é altamente leucotóxico) e proteínas de membrana externa (OMPs), especialmente Omp29. A resposta de imunoglobulina G (IgG) sérica contra este patógeno foi anteriormente associada à ambas as formas de PA, porém, são escassos os estudos que avaliaram longitudinalmente a resposta sérica frente a variáveis como estas. Dessa maneira, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a resposta sérica, de 27 pacientes com PA e 10 pacientes periodontalmente saudáveis, contra Omp29 e sorotipos de A. actinomycetemcomitans, através de um ensaio ELISA, correlacionando com o número de cópias de JP2 (obtidos por qPCR em tempo real) e parâmetros clínicos, a partir de dados anteriormente coletados por nosso grupo. Todos os dados foram obtidos antes do início do tratamento e um ano após seu término. O tratamento consistiu de orientações de higiene bucal, tratamento mecânico e antibioticoterapia. Os dados resultantes do estudo mostraram que em ambas as formas de PA houve uma redução significativa na profundidade clínica de sondagem (PCS)(p<0,001), nível clínico de inserção (NCI)(p<0,001) e na resposta sérica contra Omp29 e sorotipo c de A. actinomycetemcomitans(p>0,005). Após 1 ano, os valores de densidade óptica (D.O.) normalizados para Omp29 e sorotipos de A. actinomycetemcomitans, bem como o número de cópias do clone JP2 tornaram-se similares aos níveis encontrados nos controles. A redução no número de cópias do clone JP2 foi correlacionada com redução da PCS em PAL(r=0.80,p=0.0042) e valores de D.O. normalizados de Omp29 em PAG(r=0.66,p=0.005). O estudo concluiu que o tratamento periodontal foi eficaz em alterar a resposta sérica contra Omp29 e sorotipos de A. actinomycetemcomitans, além de reduzir o número de cópias do clone JP2 e melhorar os parâmetros clínicos.

Impact of aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis on oral health-related quality of life

Abstract The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the effect of different forms of periodontal diseases on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). Fifty-two patients with Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) or Chronic Periodontitis (CP) were included: nine patients with Localized Aggressive Periodontitis (LAP), thirty-three patients with Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis (GAP) and ten patients with Generalized Chronic Periodontitis (GCP). Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaires (OHIP-14) were distributed after a clinical examination that measured the following periodontal parameters: tooth loss, bleeding on probing (BoP), probing depth (PD), gingival recession (REC) and clinical attachment level (CAL). The global OHIP-14 score means were 10.6 for LAP, 16.5 for GAP, and 17.5 for GCP. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) was observed between the LAP group and the other two groups. There was significantly less bleeding and recession in the LAP group than in the patients with the generalized forms of periodontitis. LAP, GAP and GCP have an impact on patient quality of life when measured using the OHIP-14. Patients with GAP and GCP had poorer OHRQoL than LAP patients.

Análise da associação entre a periodontite e polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único da interleucina-1beta / Analysis of the association between periodontitis and interleukin-1beta single nucleotide polymorphisms

A periodontite é uma doença inflamatória, que pode ser classificada em Periodontite Crônica (PC) ou Periodontite Agressiva (PA), desencadeada por um desequilíbrio na microbiota subgengival, que pode ser influenciado por diversos fatores, como polimorfismos genéticos. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, através de uma revisão da literatura, se há ou não associação entre a periodontite e polimorfismos genéticos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs). Os genes IL1B +3954(3), -511, -31 foram os alvos desta pesquisa, por serem os mais estudados e apresentarem boa plausibilidade biológica. Foi realizada uma busca no PubMed e ao final 24 artigos de estudos casos-controle foram selecionados. Na maioria dos estudos não foi encontrada associação positiva entre os SNPs +3954(3), -511, -31 da IL1B e a PA ou PC. Dessa forma, é possível concluir que não há associação positiva entre a periodontite e os SNPs IL1B +3954(3), -511, -31 e PA e PC. Todavia os resultados devem ser analisados com cautela, pois os estudos apresentam limitações. (AU)

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease which is classified as chronic periodontitis (PC) or aggressive periodontitis (PA) and is initiated by an unbalance in subgengival microbiota which for their part can be influenced by a lot of factors, such as genetic polymorphism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse if there is an association between periodontitis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genes IL1B +3954(3), -511, -31 were chosen as the targets of this literature review, because they have good biologic plausibility and are the most studied in literature. A search was conducted on PubMed and the results analysed and 24 case-controls articles were chosen.Most of the studies did not find a positive association between the ILB1 SNPs +3954(3), -511, -31 and PA e PC. Therefore, the case-controls studies indicated that there is no positive association between SNPs IL1B +3954(3), -511, -31 and PA or PC. However, the results of this work must be analysed carefully as the studies used have limitations. (AU)

Clinical study of locking-taper implants in patients treated for periodontitis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the survival rate and peri-implant clinical parameters of Locking-Taper implants in patients having lost their teeth due to non-periodontitis (NP) reasons, chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP).@*METHODS@#In the study, 145 subjects were installed with 315 Bicon Locking-Taper implants and followed up for 1-5 years. The subjects and implants were classified into three groups, tooth loss by NP, CP and AgP. NP included 44 subjects with 100 implants, CP 70 subjects with 132 implants and AgP 31 subjects with 83 implants. Periodontal parameters before subgingival scaling and root planning (T0), at the end of active periodontal therapy (T1) and at the time of last recall (T2) were recorded. Right after the installation of final restoration and at the time of last recall (T2), peri-implant probing parameters were recorded.@*RESULTS@#After active periodontal therapy, mean probing depth (PD) in CP and AgP were reduced from 4.05 mm, 5.20 mm at T0 to 3.07 mm, 2.96 mm at T1 (P<0.001, P<0.001), (PD≥6 mm)% were reduced from 33.2%, 58.5% at T0 to 14.4%, 10.5% at T1 (P<0.001, P<0.001). The periodontal parameters remained stable at T2 compared with T1 (P>0.05). Cumulative survival rates of implants in NP, CP and AgP were 100%, 97.6% and 100% for 1-5 years' follow-ups with no statistical significance found. At T2, mean implant PD was 2.78 mm, 2.96 mm and 2.97 mm in NP, CP and AgP, with NP significantly lower than the other two groups (P=0.006, P=0.01). The percentage of implant sites with PD≥6 mm was 3.7% in CP and 4.8% in AgP, both significantly higher than NP (P=0.003, P<0.001). 8.4% implant sites showed at least 2 mm deeper than those at prosthesis installation were found in CP group, significantly higher than NP (4.3%, P=0.003).@*CONCLUSION@#Periodontal conditions of patients having lost their teeth for chronic and aggressive periodontitis were significantly improved after active periodontal therapy and remained stable during 1-5 years. Short-term survival rates of Locking-Taper implants in patients treated for CP and AgP was no less than those who lost their teeth for non-periodontitis reasons. More sites with increasing peri-implant probing depth were found in CP and AgP patients, compared with NP.